Testicular hilum and vascular invasion predict advanced clinical stage in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors - PubMed

Clinical staging is a critical step in the management of testicular germ cell tumors. Up to one-third of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis present with metastatic disease (clinical stages II and III). We investigated the predictors of metastatic disease at presentation in a cohort of 14…